Isalmic Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Isalmic Studies - Essay Example Be it in-law or in blood. Thus, Shi'ites could have descended from the bloodline of the prophet Muhammed, peace upon him. This poetic piece of the Qur'an is quite glaring substantiation to the idea of the Shi'ite. Their shadows may mean descendants, mornings may mean children and young ones, and afternoons may mean the middle and old aged. "And to Allah (alone) falls in prostration whoever is in the heavens and the earth, willingly or unwillingly, and so do their shadows in the mornings and in the afternoons (Surah 13:15), and "whosoever is saved from his own covetousness, such are they who will be the successful" (Surah59:9) In the 7th century, after the death of the prophet Muhammed, peace upon him, a void was left to his position as a leader of a Sunni community. It is a population of believers in Islam. This was initially filled by his friend and father-in-law Abu Bakr. He is the father of Aisha who is the second wife of Muhammed, peace upon him. After Abu Bakr, the leadership was passed on to three more unidentified Muslims. The same post was accepted by Ali the son-in-law of Muhammed, peace upon him. He is the husband of Fatima. Fatima was the daughter of Muhammed, peace upon him, with Kadija. Kadija was the first wife of Muhammed, peace upon him. ... al, 1989). Khawarij in Arabic Kharijite meaning one that departs, dissenter, a member of a Muslim secessionist sect establishing a radically democratic reform community in the 7th century (Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged). It can then be synonymous to Shia. It is a group originating in the controversies over leadership of the community (The Encyclopaedia Americana International Edition USA, 2002).There were two contenders to the Caliphate then. First the Umayyad's who were a family of power (Perry, 1989). They succeeded in assuming the leadership. Second the Shi'a, Shi'ites, proponents of ascendancy (Perry et. al, 1989). They must be the descendants of the prophet Muhammad, peace upon him. They tried but failed to retake the post (Perry et. al., 1989). Eventually they turned out into Khawarij because they departed. They established a radically democratic and puritanical reform community (Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged). They adopted some philosophies. They evolved practices different from those of traditional Muslims, known as the Sunni. They did not acknowledge the Umayyad's (Perry et. al. 1989). Over the years, the Umayyad's held the highest position of the caliphate. It gained the support of the greater part of Muslims who were all Arabs (Perry, 1989). So, they to all intents and purposes made extensive triumph escalating Muslim dominion. However, the Umayyad's never saw their inaccuracy. First, it repositioned the Muslim seat of power from Mecca to Damascus in Syria. Second, it gave only Arabs the holdings of prominent positions in the hierarchy. This was to the bitterness of its new members. They were

The Battle at Belmont Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Battle at Belmont - Essay Example ucah to stage a demonstration against Leonindas Polk Confederate general to stop undertaking of strengthening from Polk to Sterling price and Thompson in Missouri (Hughes, 1991). On the evening of the sixth, Grant boarded two brigades summing to 3114 men on Cairo’s river transport and Bird’s point, and proceeded down the river a distance of about 8 miles. Later that night Grant received an information about Confederates crossing at Columbus with the intended plans to censor off Colonel Oglesby’s stake, when asked about that , excuse was given that Ogleby’s had left just to try play Jeff Thompsons rebel force and got to be around Indian Ford on the St.Francis. This book also explains how the gunboats opened the battle, and explains the involvement of Colonel James C. Tappan who was a democrat and served as a judge in 1861, Augustus C. Watsons, a wealthy planter who organized an artillery company of New Orleans, and Major general Polk who found Tappan at the riverbank looking for a boat to transport him back across the river (Hughes, 1991). Later after the gunboats actions with the battery’s parrot guns burst which executed two and hurt three, Tappan and Beltzhoover deployed their minor forces in defense of the two streets which were approaching the Belmont landing and Grant shown as the under cover of the gun boats. It also explains the actions of the Confederates left, Brigadier General Pillow reached at front line of Tappan’s on the Belmont claiming that he didn’t get sufficient time to deploy his line before assailed by the Federals. Though the Pillows deployment is explained to have been awkward. The actions of the Confederate right, they progressed no good, however being better displayed from the position of both terrain and intersection. Tappan saw Russell deploying for the progress and ordering his command headfirst, and enforced Tappan to charge to 70 yards before Russell ran out of ammunition. After the Russell’s command discharged to

Concepts of Ageing and Disability

Concepts of Ageing and Disability Impairment, disability, and handicap Impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function e.g. hearing or vision impairment, brain injury, impaired movement, impairment of the sense of smell. Disability is any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being e.g. unable to perform ADL’s, communication, learning and working. Handicap is a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability , that prevents the fulfillment of a role that is considered normal (depending of age, sex and social and cultural factors) for that individual. Similarities and differences: Impairment, disability, and handicap all avoid a person to accomplish normal functions in certain areas of body. The difference is that impairment is the irregularity in structure of function of the body , the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness such as dysomia- impairment of the sense of smell while disability is the restriction of be short of of ability to perform certain utility. Disability is an umbrella term covering impairment, activity limitations and participation restrictions. Handicap refers to condition that leads to impairment of disability and prevent the person from doing things that other people of their age of gender would normally do, the case is any disadvantage that makes success more difficult or place at a disadvantage such as â€Å"He was handicapped by his injured ankle†. Ageing, old age and ageism Ageing is progressive and universal starting at birth and ending with death. Ageing and disease processes are not the same, the life expectancy in developed countries has increased by more than 30 years in the last century. Also in New Zealand the proportion of older people is expected to grow rapidly over the next 20years. The process of change in the properties of a material occurring over a period, either spontaneously or through deliberate action. Old age: old people often have limited regenerative abilities and are more tend to disease, syndromes, and sickness than younger adults. The elderly also confront other social issues such as retirement, loneliness, and ageism. The chronological age donated as â€Å"old age† varies culturally and historically, so , old age is â€Å"a social construct† rather than a definite â€Å"biological stage â€Å" Ageism: one of the challenges to positive ageing is ageism. Ageism refers to the discrimination that older people can experience due to their age. Often ageism is reflected in eligibility for access to support and resources Also in employment ,(particularly those who experience impairments)are overlooked for employment opportunities. Ageism also occurs when there are negative forms of social exclusion and judgments made about older people on the basis of the perceived worth of their contributions. Similarities and differences: Ageing, old age, and ageism all connect grow older with old person. The difference is that ageing is What’s happening as you get elder through life and old age is the result of aging for a long enough time where you are close to death and your life is coming to an end Ageing is the heaps of thing are changing in a person over time. Ageing is many angles of process such as physical, social, and psychological aspect . While old age is contained in ages closing or exceeding the average life span of human beings, and the life cycle of the end of human beings. Ageism is a combination of three connected components. Among them were prejudicial attitudes towards older people, old age, and the ageing process. Discriminatory approach against elderly, policies that maintain stereotypes about elder people. Theories of ageing in relation to gender, sexuality, race and class The social model of disability : Disability is caused by physical, organizational, and attitudinal barriers in society. Looks for full integration of individuals to society. Focus on social acceptance and equality. Identifies systemic barriers, negative and exclusion by society. Sees society as the contributory factor in disabling people. Psychosocial Theories of Ageing : As people grow older, their behavior changes, their social interactions changes, and the activities in which they engage change. Gender Differences The Social Model of Disability: In osteoarthritis, men and women had significantly difference in pain, pain behavior and physical disability. Women feel pain more seriously than men does. it leads depression to women more than men. It can be barriers in social involving for women. Biological Theories of Ageing: Women have lower cardiovascular risk and greater longevity than men. So some study supposed that there are important gender-related differences in beat-to-beat heart rate dynamics. But some study discovered that heart rate did not be dissimilar between age groups or genders. The heart rate power decreased with age in both men and women. Sexuality The Social Model of Disability : The body of sexuality is at the heart of contemporary political and theoretical issue. Yet the social model of disability makes it a banishment. Sexuality of disability is caused by attitudinal barriers in society. Nevertheless presently old aged sexuality is understood and increasingly accepted in society. Biological Theories of Ageing : Human sexuality is the ability to have erotic experiences and responses. Sexuality can have biological interest and attraction for another person. The biological aspect of sexuality in ageing refers to the reduction of reproductive mechanism as well as the basic biological drive lessen that exists in all species. Race The Social Model of Disability : Data are from population –based sample of 4,136 African American and Whites aged over 65 living in North Carolina. There is reduced risk for disability when they associate with friends as a social interaction occurs. By instrumental support leads to increased risk for disability risk significantly , with a greater adverse effect among Whites than African Americans. Expect for instrumental support, there were few racial differences in the association of social relationships with disability. The Medical Model of Ageing : This study examined surgery for colorectal cancer among medical beneficiaries 65 years of age or older with an initial diagnosis in 1987. White patients were much more likely than Black to undergo surgical resection, even after age, and location and extent of tumor were controlled for. Deprivation The Social Model of Disability : If the disability person has no immediate family or carer to support them , a representative will inform him/her for correct managing. The managing authority at the care home or hospital should work together to ensure this disability person understand the deprivation of liberty process, that he/she knows his/her right, and that they receive the right support when the authorization process starts and a result has been done. Otherwise deprivation of liberty leads them to make barriers in society to them. Psychosocial Theories of Ageing : The elderly grow older , their boundary is restricted by someone who care for them. If you feel that elderly is being deprived of their liberty ,speak to the person in charge. They try to agree on changes that can be made so that the person’s freedom is less restricted. For example, person who with dementia you can’t let them go as a normal person . but should ensure that only deprives someone of their liberty in a safe and correct way, also that is the best interests of the person and there is no other way to look after them. Otherwise their social interactions significantly change to the worst way.

Cloning More Ethically Acceptable than Global Warming Essay -- Climate

Cloning More Ethically Acceptable than Global Warming One day soon, human clones will walk among us. Does the thought send a shiver up your spine? How about the notion of eating french fries from a potato engineered with jellyfish genes to make its leaves bioluminescent? We should consider our responses to both issues now, before reality comes knocking at the door. Several groups have announced intentions to clone humans, and the bioluminescence gene has already been successfully incorporated into potato plants. If those prospects make you squirm, you're not alone. The public's emotional response to the issues of human cloning and biotechnology far outstrips its response to global warming and widespread species extinction. When Dolly the sheep was first cloned by Scottish scientists, political leaders around the world sensed the negative reactions among their constituents and moved to pass legislation banning the new technology in humans. Any new developments in the area stir up fresh controversy, such that the cloning issue is frequently featured on the front page of major newspapers. These articles seem to suggest that apart from a few mad scientists, most everyone agrees that cloning humans is wrong. But why is it so wrong? Consider the Monitor's quotes from the experts. Professor Chen, vice-president of Beijing University, says about human cloning, "There isn't a controversy. There's no real discussion. We know it's wrong and not natural." John White, who is secretary for science policy at the Australian Academy of Science, is equally willing to speak authoritatively on the issue: "We clearly oppose cloning whole human beings. There are too many troubling ethical and moral issues." &nbs... ...oss of biodiversity, humans are playing God to the extreme and are seriously harming the organisms themselves, as well as existing and future generations of humans. If tinkering with the genes of God/Nature's creations is wrong, then surely the complete extinction of thousands of species - of God/Nature's creation - and the complete transformation of His/Her planet is the ultimate evil. For the sake of consistency and morality, we must get passionate about these issues. Since Dolly the sheep hit the headlines in 1997, many people think of cloning whenever they think broadly of "ethical issues." Genetic engineering conjures the same reaction for similar reasons. But cloning and genetic engineering are nothing but small moral peanuts in relation to our negligent treatment of the organisms that grace this planet and render it habitable for humanity.

Intermediate Accounting Essay

Nicholas Inc. is in need of a new punch press to increase its production output. Their company policy is to have the purchasing department obtain 3 different vendor bids for any major purchases. The engineering department of Nicholas Inc. has determined that each of the three vendor’s punch presses is substantially identical and each has an estimated useful life of 20 years. Maintenance on the machine is performed at year-end. With a cost of capital of 10%, it is our job to determine which vendor to purchase the new machine from. The engineering department has determined the annual maintenance expense associated with the punch press to be $1000 per year for the first five years, $2000 per year for the next 10 years and $3000 per year for the last five years. To calculate the present value of these accumulated costs you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $1,000 for the first five periods plus the present value of an ordinary annuity of $2,000 in periods 6 thru 15 plus the present value of an ordinary annuity in periods 16 thru 20. This is equal to: =1000 x PV of OA + 2000 x PV of OA + 3000 x PV of OA =1000 x 3.79079 + 2000 x (7.60608-3.79079) + 3000 x (8.51356-7.60608) =$14,143.81 The value of the punch press from Vendor A is equal to $55,000 in cash at delivery and 10 year end payments of $18,000 each. To calculate the present value of the purchase, you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $18,000 plus the initial payment of $55,000. This in preset value is equal to: =55000 + 18000 x PV of OA =55000 + 18000 x 6.14457 =$165,602.26 Vendor A offers a separate 20-year maintenance service contract valued at $10000 made at the initial purchase. This would save the company $4,143.81 in maintenance costs over the life of the press. Including maintenance costs associated with this punch press, the total amount of money spent on this machine in present day dollars would be $175,602.26 The value of the punch press from Vendor B is equal to forty semiannual payments of $9,500 each, with the first payment due at the time of delivery. To determine the cost in present value dollars, you find the present value of an annuity due of $9500 for 40 periods at 5%, which is equal to: =9500 x PV of AD =9500 x (17.15909 x 1.05) =$171,161.92 Vendor B will perform all year-end maintenance associated with the press at no additional cost, so the present value amount spent on the equipment would be $171,161.92 The value of the punch press from Vendor C is equal to $150,000 cash at the initial time of delivery. Since no annual maintenance package is offered from Vendor C, we must assume the cost of maintenance will be equal to what the engineering department had determined above. The present value dollar costs associated with the purchase of the press from Vendor C is $164,143.81. Nicholas Inc. should use Vendor C to purchase the new punch press. Using present value dollars to determine how much the press will cost today, Vendor C offers the cheapest purchase price for the machine. One factor other than the price of the equipment Nicholas Inc. should consider is the balance in their cash account. Do they have a large enough balance to cover the large initial payment of $150,000? Also, if they do have enough cash on hand to make a $150,000 initial purchase, will this result in Nicholas Inc. being short on the cash that it needs for other normal expenses like payroll, utilities and raw materials purchases? If a cash shortfall would result from purchasing the press from Vendor C, then Nicholas Inc. may be forced to use Vendor B who offers a financing plan but will result in them paying more in present value dollars for the press. The most recent concept statement that deals with present value measurements in accounting is the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements. This was issued in February of 2000. When observable dollar amounts are not available to determine the value of an asset or liability, accountants often turn to estimated cash flows to determine the carrying value of the asset or liability in question. Since those cash flows usually occur in one or more future periods, present value concepts of the future cash flows are used to determine the value of the asset or liability. The goal here is to determine the difference in value between these cash flows if they were received today and when they are received in the future. Examples of assets and liabilities that would use present value concepts to determine their carrying value are notes payable, bonds payable, notes receivable and bonds receivable. The following are key terms related to present value and its use in accounting measurement practices. Best estimate is the single most likely amount in a range of possible estimated amounts. Estimated cash flow refers to a single amount to be received or paid in the future. Expected cash flow refers to the probability-weighed amounts in a range of possible estimated amounts to be received or paid in the future. A fresh-start measurement is when the value of an asset or a liability is re-evaluated after its original period of valuation. Some fresh-start measurements are performed every period while others occur only after a certain situation or â€Å"trigger† occurs. Interest methods of allocation refers to the process companies use to adjust the book value of assets or liabilities when their values have previously been determined using present value techniques. Interest methods of allocation will be used to determine the carrying value of the punch press for Nicholas Inc in future periods. Estimated cash outflows associated with each vendor were the basis to determine which vendor had the cheapest present value price of the equipment. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, Paragraph 1. February 2000. [ 2 ]. FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, February 2000.

Overcoming Fear Essay

Fear can be a very crippling emotion. When I was little, my biggest fear was falling off of a bicycle. I was always afraid of bicycles because I watched my best friend fall off of one and break her arm. As I got older, however, I realized that learning how to ride a bike could be very beneficial, as well as a lot of fun. Something I did not know at the time, however, was that learning how to ride would end up being beneficial to me in other ways as well. One day, when I was about eight years old, I asked my grandfather if he would teach me how to ride the bicycle he had bought for me two years earlier. He looked at me and said, â€Å"Are you finally ready, honey?† After telling him yes, my grandfather said that he would take me out that Saturday and give me my first riding lesson. As Saturday approached, I grew more and more apprehensive. Part of me was really looking forward to learning how to ride, while the other part of me was scared to death of falling off and getting hurt. My grandfather seemed to sense my fear, and when Saturday arrived, he took me to the local bicycle shop. We went straight to the section of the store that had all kinds of knee and elbow pads, as well as other protective equipment for riding bicycles, skating, and other activities. He told me to pick out the knee and elbow pads I liked best and said that they would help prevent me from getting hurt if I fell off of my bike. When we got back home, he helped me put on my pads and then went and got my bicycle out of the garage. He showed me how to get on the bike, and then proceeded to walk beside me, holding onto the bike as I pedaled down the sidewalk. Once we turned the corner at the end of the block, my grandfather let go for the first time. He stayed right beside me, ready to catch me if I started to tilt sideways. I was only able to go a few feet before my grandfather had to catch me. He continued to encourage me to keep trying, and, after falling off several times, I was finally able to ride my bicycle up and down the sidewalk in front of my house without any help from my grandfather whatsoever. I learned that riding a bicycle was a lot easier than I could have ever dreamed. By buying me the knee and elbow pads and telling me that they would help protect me, my grandfather helped to diminish my fear of riding a bicycle. Now when I am faced with a situation that scares me, I think back to that day my grandfather taught me how to ride. I may still feel fear from time to time, but I know that I can overcome it by asking myself, â€Å"What will help me to conquer my fear?†Bibliography not needed – This is a true depiction of an actual event in my childhood.