Pre-recorded Video Evidence In Sexual Assault And Rape Trials - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7512 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Pre-recorded video evidence in sexual assault and rape trials The use of pre-recorded video evidence in sexual assault and rape trials. Has the law of criminal evidence managed to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the victims of sexual assault, who are usually the prime witnesses in prosecution proceedings, and protecting the due process rights of defendants charged with these crimes, in particular the right to properly test the evidence which has been admitted against them? Introduction: i. Background to the conflicting issues of this research In the title of this paper, it is conjectured that victims of sexual assault are usually the prime witnesses in prosecution proceedings for these types of crime. The reason for this is that most sexual assaults are perpetrated in private by someone already known to the victim. What is more, often there is no forensic evidence available and so victims of sexual assault are not only the prime witnesses in prosecution proceedings for these types of crime but, often, the only evidence that a crime has taken place at all . This can place real burden on sexual assault victims during the trial stage of the prosecution. For one thing, the victim must relive the traumatic events in question, by explaining them to the court, jury and defence barrister. Secondly, a common defence strategy is to undermine the credibility of the victim and to convince the Court either that no sexual contact occurred or that it was consensual. In the absence of forensic evidence, often it boils down to the victi ms word over that of the defendant and it is very difficult to resolve two conflicting accounts to the satisfaction of the criminal standard of proof required for a successful conviction. As the Office for Criminal Justice Reform writes, â€Å"Those victims whose cases do make it to court are faced with the intimidating prospect of having to recount traumatic and often intimate details, endure cross-examination and in some cases have information about their past sexual behaviour presented to the court as evidence against them. † In light of this, it is not surprising that (i) the rates of conviction for rape and sexual assault are so low (approx. 6% of all cases brought result in a successful prosecution ); and, (ii) a substantial number of victims of sexual assault or rape do not report their crimes to the police, either in a timely manner* or at all**, or choose to drop their claims when it transpires that they will have to testify as a prime witness in the prosecution a gainst their attacker . Research suggests that the drop-out rate is currently 33%. As the Office for Criminal Justice Reform writes, â€Å"Research has found that victims who declined to complete the initial investigative process and victim withdrawals accounted for over one-third of cases lost at the police stage. Key contributory factors were not being believed and fear of going through the criminal justice process. † *The chances of securing a successful prosecution against a rapist or sexual attacker decrease substantially as time passes and therefore anything that leads victims to delay reporting their crime to the Police has the consequential effect of reducing the rate of successful conviction. **This author does not purport to suggest that these are the only reasons why victims of sexual assault choose not to report their crimes to the Police; it is well documented that victims of sexual assault often feel shame and guilt for what has happened to them, as if the y are somehow to blame, and this is another major reason why such victims often prefer to keep their ordeals secret . Other factors include fear of retaliation and the distrust of the reactions of family and friends . While these barriers to timely reporting and successful prosecution cannot all be redressed by criminal justice reform, nevertheless, in light of the fact that some of these barriers emanate from fear of or lack of confidence in the court process itself, the law of criminal evidence can play an important role in mitigating some of these barriers; for example, by protecting these vulnerable witnesses and making the ordeal of trial less traumatic, the law of criminal evidence could, eventually, change victims perceptions of the trial process and make them less likely to allow their fears of that process to interfere with their decisions to report their sexual assaults. One reform proposal which is often discussed in this context is the use of pre-recorded video tes timony for victims of sexual assaults. The idea behind this proposal is that victims of such crimes are less likely to be afraid of the trial process if they know that they can record their testimony in advance and that they cannot be cross-examined by their attackers barristers (even if they are asked to respond to certain questions within their testimony). Such reforms have been implemented in the field of youth justice for some time—for example, there are various provisions under the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 which allow for the use of video links to shield child victims of sexual or physical abuse from their attackers—but are relatively new in the context of adult rape and sexual assault cases. While the use of video testimony is clearly beneficial to victims, prima facie it poses a real risk to the integrity of the due process rights of defendants charged with these crimes. Under the criminal justice system of England and Wales there is a pre sumption that all persons charged with a criminal offence are innocent of that offence until proven guilty . This is provided, inter alia, by Article 6(2) of the Human Rights Act 1998 which states that, â€Å"Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law. † What is more, it is a human right of all persons charged with a criminal offence to be able to challenge effectively the accuracy of any evidence which is admitted against them. This is provided inter alia by Article 6(3) of the 1998 Act which states that, â€Å"Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: (†¦) (b) to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence; (†¦) (d)to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him†¦ † In this present research paper, we are concer ned specifically with the question of whether or not the use of video testimony in sexual assault cases (involving both adult and child victims) unduly prejudices the right of criminal defendants to properly challenge the accuracy and reliability of evidence adduced against them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pre-recorded Video Evidence In Sexual Assault And Rape Trials" essay for you Create order ii. The aims and objectives of this research: The primary aim of this research is to evaluate the extent to which the law of criminal evidence has managed to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the victims of sexual assault, who are usually the prime witnesses in prosecution proceedings, on the one hand, and protecting the due process rights of defendants charged with these crimes, in particular the right to properly test the evidence which has been admitted against them, on the other? The secondary aim of this research is to derive recommendations for reform to the law of criminal evidence to effect a more appropriate balance between protecting the victims of sexual assault on the one hand, and protecting the due process rights of defendants charged with these crimes on the other. The objectives of this research paper are as follows: To identify the legal provisions which purport to allow the use of video evidence in sexual assault and rape trials; to identify the procedures which must be adhered to when ut ilizing this kind of evidence; to evaluate the likely impact of the use of video testimony on rates of reporting and successful prosecution; to examine the right of criminal defendants to test the evidence relied upon against them by the Crown Prosecution Service and to identify the extent to which it might be argued that this right is a qualified right under the law of England and Wales; to evaluate the extent to which the use of video evidence might prejudice the right of criminal defendants to test the evidence relied upon against them by the Crown Prosecution Service; to identify and critically evaluate the safeguards which exist currently to ensure that the use of video evidence is not permitted where its use would prejudice the ability of the defendant(s) in question to receive a fair trial; to evaluate whether or not an appropriate balance has been struck in practice between protecting the interests of victims through the use of video testimony on the one hand and preserving the interests of justice and the right of criminal defendants to test the evidence relied upon against them by the Crown Prosecution Service, on the other; to derive high level recommendations for reform to the way that the law currently permits the use of video evidence in sexual assault and rape trials. iii. The structure of this research paper. The structure of this paper takes the following form: In chapter one, this author traces the development of the use of video evidence in sexual assault and rape trials, identifies the legal provisions which regulate the use of such evidence and the procedures which must be followed when this type of evidence is relied upon by the Crown Prosecution Service and critically evaluates whether or not the use of video evidence is really likely to have any impact on rates of reporting and rates of successful prosecution of rapists and sexual offenders. In chapter two, this author traces the development of the right of criminal defendants to a fair trial, generally, and, specifically, their right to test the evidence adduced against them, identifies the legal provisions which give rise to these rights and evaluates the nature of those rights (i.e. whether they are absolute rights or qualified rights) and evaluates the extent to which the use of video evidence might prejudice the right of criminal defendants to test the evidence relied upon against them by the Crown Prosecution Service, and the circumstances under which that prejudice is likely to be the greatest. In chapter three, this author identifies and critically evaluates the safeguards which exist currently to ensure that the use of video evidence is not permitted where its use would prejudice the ability of the defendants to receive a fair trial and evaluates whether or not, in practice, the law has managed to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the interests of victims through the use of video testimony on the one hand and preserving the interests of justice and the right of criminal defendants to test the evidence relied upon against them by the Crown Prosecution Service, on the other. Also, in this chapter, this author derives high level recommendations for reform to the way that the law currently permits the use of video evidence in sexual assault and rape trials. Finally, this author presents his conclusions to this research. 1. Using video evidence in sexual assault and rape trials; is it likely to have a positive impact on rates of reporting and rates of successful prosecution of rapists and sexual offenders? As noted in the introduction of this paper, it has been argued in the academic literature that a significant barrier to the timely reporting of sexual offences (and also one of the reasons why the drop-out rate—i.e. the number of victims choosing to withdraw their claims before the conclusion of the trial—is so high ) are common victim perceptions that if they report their assault they will be subjected to a traumatic trial process in which their account of events will be cross-examined by their perpetrators legal representatives and their character will be called into question . The use of pre-recorded video testimony is designed to mitigate these barriers (ultimately) to prosecution by protecting these vulnerable witnesses and making the ordeal of trial less traumatic for them. Over time, it has been conjectured, victims perceptions of the trial process will change and they will be less afraid of the trial process and more willing to report their sexual assaults when they occur. Currently, there are two video-based special measures for vulnerable victims . These are provided by the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. The first is where the victim is permitted to present his or her evidence-in-chief in the form of a video statement rather than in person. This is provided by section 27(1) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 which states that, â€Å"A special measures direction may provide for a video recording of an interview of the witness to be admitted as evidence in chief of the witness. † Section 27(4) of the 1999 Act however makes it clear that dispensation to use this special measure will only be granted where the court is satisfied that the witness in question will be made available for cross-examination (whether that be cross-examination in person or via a ‘special measure alternative equivalent): â€Å"Where a special measures direction provides for a recording to be admitted under this section, the court may nevertheless subsequently direct that it is not to be so admitted if— (a) it appears to the court that— (i) the witness will not be available for cross-examination (whether conducted in the ordinary way or in accordance with any such direction), and (ii) the parties to the proceedings have not agreed that there is no need for the witness to be so available; or (b) any rules of court requiring disclosure of the circumstances in which the recording was made have not been complied with to the satisfaction of the court. † The intention behind this provision was to ensure that criminal defendants accused of crimes against vulnerable victims were not unduly prejudiced by the existence of this special measure; if the court and jury watched a video statement from a victim explaining how they witnessed the defendant commit a criminal offence, that defendant would be grossly prejudiced if he did not have an opportunity to challenge any aspects of the video statement in question. The second type of video-based special measure provided under the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 is where the cross-examination and re-examination of a witnesss testimony by the defences legal team is pre-recorded rather than conducted live in the courtroom, in front of the defendant. This is provided by section 28(1)(b) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999: â€Å"Where a special measures direction provides for a video recording to be admitted†¦ as evidence in chief of the witness, the direction may also provide— (a) for any cross-examination of the witness, and any re-examination, to be recorded by means of a video recording; and (b) for such a recording to be admitted, so far as it relates to any such cross-examination or re-examination, as evidence of the witness under cross-examination or on re-examination, as the case may be. † To ensure that this special measure does not dilute the defences abi lity to cross-examine or re-examine a witness, the 1999 Act provides that the court and the defences legal representatives must be able to see and hear the live recording session and be able to communicate directly with the persons in the room. The Act also provides that the defendant should be able to see and hear the examination and that he or she should be able to communicate with his or her legal representatives throughout the process: â€Å"Such a recording must be made in the presence of such persons as rules of court or the direction may provide and in the absence of the accused, but in circumstances in which— (a) the judge or justices (or both) and legal representatives acting in the proceedings are able to see and hear the examination of the witness and to communicate with the persons in whose presence the recording is being made, and (b) the accused is able to see and hear any such examination and to communicate with any legal representative acting for him. † If a court has granted the use of this special measure then it is imperative that the defences legal representatives ask the child witness all of the questions, the answers of which they plan to later rely on in court as they will not be entitled to put any new questions to the witness on completion of this recording session unless any new matters come to light which the defendant or his legal team could not have been expected to have discovered previously with reasonable diligence . These special measures are available to adult victims of sexual assault or rape by default. However, it is up to each witness to decide whether or not they wish to take advantage of one or both of these measures. This presumption of vulnerability is provided by section 17(4) of the 1999 Act which states that, â€Å"Where the complainant in respect of a sexual offence is a witness in proceedings relating to that offence (or to that offence and any other offences), the witness is eligible for assi stance in relation to those proceedings by virtue of this subsection unless the witness has informed the court of the witness wish not to be so eligible by virtue of this subsection. † By virtue of section 16(1) of the 1999 Act, these measures are also available to child witnesses aged sixteen or less: â€Å"For the purposes of this Chapter a witness in criminal proceedings (other than the accused) is eligible for assistance by virtue of this section (†¦) if under the age of 17 at the time of the hearing†¦ † For child witnesses, not only is there a presumption that their testimony will be given via video but this is nearly mandatory. As Burton, Evans and Sanders explain, â€Å"For child witnesses in need of special protection (defined by section 21 of the YJCE Act) the provision of video evidence-in-chief or live television links is near mandatory, and it is not necessary to demonstrate that they would improve the quality of the witnesss evidence. † Leaving aside any discussion of the potential prejudicial impact that these special measures can have on defendants ability to defence a claim of sexual assault or rape of a minor or adult—a discussion which will be reserved for the following chapter of this paper—the first question which, in the opinion of this author, must be asked, is whether or not these special measures actually mitigate the barriers to effective testimony identified previously in this paper. It will be recalled that one such barrier was the victims fear of cross-examination and being made to feel like the one to blame for the ordeal . And yet, while the second of the two special measures discussed above does allow the cross-examination to take place in a venue other than a court of law, in all other respects a video cross-examination is equivalent to a live court-based cross-examination. As the Crown Prosecution Service explains, in its ‘CPS Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Rape, †Å"Giving evidence in court can be a particularly traumatic experience for victims of rape. In particular, some victims may find it difficult to give evidence in the sight of the defendant. If this is so, we can apply to the court for the victim to give evidence in another way so that he or she can give their best evidence. These alternative ways of giving evidence are known as ‘special measures†¦ [While] the victim or witness will not have to give ‘live evidence about what happened to them†¦ they will still have to answer questions put to them by the defendants lawyer in crossexamination. † (emphasis added) Therefore, while this special measure might make it more comfortable for a vulnerable or intimidated witness, it is not entirely clear, at least in theory, how it purports to mitigate the victims fear of cross-examination itself. This is a point raised by Childs and Ellison, who argue that the efficacy of these special measures are undermined by the fact that the process remains an adversarial one, even though it is pre-recorded and conducted in a venue other than a court of law: â€Å"There is also a risk†¦ that a commitment to traditional adversarial values and methods may yet limit the impact of reforms. † Another barrier that was identified previously was the victims fear of being in contact with the defendant. While pre-recorded video evidence certainly allows a vulnerable witness to give their testimony and responses (to cross- or re-examination) without having to be in the same room as the defendant, as noted previously the defendant is allowed to listen into the recording session and therefore it is not entirely clear how the victim receives any benefits from these special measures whatsoever, other than those which they would be able to enjoy anyway through the use of screens or live links pursuant to sections 23, 24 or 25 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 . Another criticism which has been raised, especially in respect of the use of pre-recorded video cross-examination, is that, historically, these measures have not often been made available to victims of sexual offences, the Courts preferring to rely upon live testimony, whether given orally in court or via a live video link (via the special measures provided by sections 23 and 24 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. As Childs and Ellison argue, writing in 2000, â€Å"While the special measures contained in the YJCEA 1999 are to be welcomed, the protection they afford rape complainants has, disappointingly, been constrained by a continuing attachment to the primacy of oral evidence†¦ Adult rape complainants are to benefit from the availability of screens and CCTV but they are to be denied the protection inherent in the use of video-recorded evidence. Generally, adult rape complainants will still be required to give live oral evidence in criminal proceedings, albeit via a TV link. † Another criticism which has been levied against the use of these video-based special measures is that somehow a victims testimony is diluted by the fact that the jury is unable to see the witness in a live environment. As Burton et al note, â€Å"Some practitioners had reservations about televised evidence because they thought it was less convincing than ‘live evidence. † While this argument has real intuitive appeal, in reality there is very little evidence to support this view. As Burton et al conclude, â€Å"There is no research evidence to indicate that acquittals are more likely using these methods, however. † This is something that will be discussed in more detail in the following section of this paper. In conclusion to this chapter, while this author cannot comment upon the general advantages or disadvantages of video-based special measures in cases of rape or sexual assault*, he is not wholly convinced that they manage to discharge the barriers which are faced by rape and sexual assault victims and therefore is not convinced that their use is having the effect of increasing rates or reporting and conviction for these types of offence. Victims still have to undergo a adversarial style cross-examination, which has been reported to be the most daunting prospect of a rape trial for rape victims, and even though this might be conducted in a venue outside of the courtroom, the rape victim nevertheless has to respond directly to questions from the defendants legal representatives while knowing that the defendant is listening into the recording session and able to communicate with their lawyers throughout. In light of this, the pre-recorded video measures provided by the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 is unlikely to alleviate victim perceptions that if they report their assault they will be subjected to a traumatic trial process in which their account of events will be cross-examined by their perpetrators legal r epresentatives and their character will be called into question. In any event, it appears that these measures, particularly pre-recorded video cross-examinations, are rarely used with adult victims, the Courts preferring to grant other special measures to these vulnerable witnesses such as screening or live CCTV links. * In this chapter this author has been concerned only with the extent to which video-based special measures are able to help vulnerable victims overcome the barriers which are reported to be responsible for under-reporting and low overall conviction rates. These measures may well have benefits other than overcoming these barriers, but these are not of relevance to this present research paper. Therefore, one should be cautious not to use the conclusions of this paper to support an argument that video-based special measures should not be used; all that can be said is that they are not apparently very effective at meeting their direct intended objectives. 2. The right of criminal defendants to a fair trial and to test the evidence adduced against them; are these rights prejudiced by the use of video evidence and under what circumstances, in particular? As noted in the introduction to this paper, Article 6(3) of the 1998 Act provides that any person charged with a criminal defence has the right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him . The question which falls for determination in this chapter is whether or not this right is unduly prejudiced by the use of the two video-based special measures identified and analysed in the previous section of this paper. While it is the case that these special measures are not used in every case of adult rape or sexual assault, in this chapter we are concerned with the potential for prejudice when either or both of these measures are employed. In other words, the fact that these special measures, particularly pre-recorded video cross-examination, are rarely used in adult cases will not (and should not ever) be cited as a defence to any claims of prejudice which ar e levied towards them. The first thing to do is to evaluate what kind of right is created by Article 6(3)(d) of the Human Rights Act 1998; if this right is an absolute right then it would never be appropriate to derogate from it in the interests of protecting vulnerable witnesses . However, if the right is a qualified right, then it might be legitimate, where the circumstances dictate, to derogate wholly or partially from that right to serve a competing but legitimate interest . If one relied upon the wording of Article 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998 then one would be forced to conclude that Article 6(3)(d) is an absolute right as it states unequivocally that all persons charged with a criminal offence are entitled to enjoy this right, which grants upon them an ‘equality of arms and the tool required to be able to clear themselves of the charges brought; namely, the right to cross-examination . This interpretation seems to be in line with the Strasbourg jurisprudence . However, there is good common law authority for the proposition that this right is a qualified right and also for the proposition that, under certain circumstances, it is appropriate to derogate from this right in the interests of protecting vulnerable witnesses. For example, in the recent case of Bonhoeffer, R (on the application of) v General Medical Council [2011] EWHC 1585 the Court allowed a key witness to admit his evidence in written form only, which precluded cross-examination, on the basis that the witness would face persecution back in Kenya, where he lived, if he appeared as a witness and admitted to being a homosexual. In this case, the Court accepted that the defendants right to cross-examination under Article 6(3) of the Human Rights Act 1998 had been derogated from; however, the Court justified this derogation using a utilitarian (least harmful path) justification. A similar justification was employed in the case of R v Xhabri [2005] *. *Some authors have argued that this interpretation of Article 6 is at odds with the wording of the 1998 Act and while this present author agreed with that thesis, this is not the time or the place to engage with this subsidiary debate. For our present purposes, all that matters is that it is settled law that Article 6(3)(d) is a qualified right and not an absolute standard. Therefore, we must conclude that the right to cross-examine is a qualified right and, consequently, that the potential for video-based special measures to cause an infringement of a defendants right to cross-examine is limited; after all, it cannot be said to be an infringement of a right if that derogation can be legitimized through legal authority. In any event, it is not entirely clear that the use of video-based evidence is always likely to be prejudicial to defendants. For one thing, as argued in the previous chapter of this paper, these special measures do not substantially affect the cross-examination process, and therefore i t is not straightforward to contend that a defendants right to cross-examine is affected, let alone limited, by the employment of pre-recorded video cross examination. What is more, there is no evidence to suggest that a conviction is more likely to result from the use of video-based special measures. In their experimental study entitled, ‘The impact of pre-recorded video and closed circuit television testimony by adult sexual assault complainants on jury decision-making, Taylor and Joudo found that juries were not more likely to convict defendants charged with rape or sexual assault when the victims testimony was presented as a pre-recorded video, than they were when it was presented face-to-face or via a live link CCTV . This study had a strong methodology: the researchers conducted 18 mock trials using a total of 210 jurors. In one third of the trials, the jurors heard the victims evidence live, face-to face; in one third of the trials, the jurors heard the victims evide nce live, via a live link CCTV system; and, in the remaining third of the trials, the jurors heard the victims evidence from a pre-recorded video. After the trials, the researchers undertook perception and attitude surveys via a questionnaire. This sought to measure a range of attitudes and perceptions including the degree to which the jurors felt they were able to empathize with the victim and whether or not they thought the accused was guilty of the crime. The conclusion of this study was that the mode of transmission of victim testimony had no statistically significant impact upon juror perceptions: â€Å"The study finds, overall, that immediately following the trial but before jury deliberation, mode of presentation of testimony (face-to-face, CCTV or pre-recorded videotape) did not impact differentially on juror perceptions of the complainant or the accused, or guilt of the accused. † While the methodology of this research study was generally sound, there is anecdotal evidence to support the view that real victims come across better on pre-recorded video than they do live. As the Office of Criminal Justice Reform reports, â€Å"In one case the video was not used as it required substantial editing to remove inadmissible evidence. However, prosecution counsel later commented that they wished in hindsight that the video had been used, as the victim was not as good live as on the recording. † While one might argue that such evidence is of limited use, in the opinion of this author if Taylor and Joudos study was repeated using real rape victims in real rape trials then it is highly likely that the mode of presentation of testimony would impact differentially on juror perceptions of the complainant; after all, they are likely to feel more comfortable giving testimony about their horrific ordeal in a video recording studio than they would be giving that same testimony live, in a court of law, with twelve jurors, a judge and several lawyers all l ooking at them. Further research needs to be conducted to test these claims empirically. If nothing else, the pre-recorded testimony would likely have been recorded closer to the actual events with which the defendant has been charged and therefore the witnesss memory of events should be fresher and more compelling. As the Office for Criminal Justice Reform concedes, â€Å"Enabling the jury to see and hear a rape victim being interviewed at the time of the complaint by means of a video recorded statement used as evidence in chief will usually provide more compelling and coherent evidence than evidence given in court several months later. † If the above conclusions are correct, then one might argue that rather than prejudicing defendants, all these measures are doing is ensuring that jurors more information on which to base their decisions. In light of the fact that the jurors are asked to presume innocence and derive guilt from lack of reasonable doubt, it follows that the provision of extra information will result in a greater number of successful convictions over time. However, it should also result in an increase in the accuracy of jurors verdicts and therefore it is more likely to adversely affect defendants who are guilty of the crimes with which they have been charged than it is defendants who are, in fact, innocent. In conclusion, it must be argued that, in the vast majority of cases, the use of video-based special measures will not significantly affect defendants rights to cross-examine under Article 6(3)(d) of the Human Rights Act 1998. However, each case should be approached on an ad hoc basis and where there is a conflict in a given case, the interests of the defendant should be weighed up against the interests of the victim and a decision reached as to the appropriateness of employing video-based special measures in that case. In the following and final chapter of this paper, this author will briefly evaluate the safeguards that are in place to ensure that the Courts approach this balancing act appropriately. 3. Evaluating the safeguards which are in place to prevent video evidence from being used when it would be contrary to the interests of justice for it to be so used; does the law currently strike the correct balance between protecting the victims of sexual assault on the one hand, and protecting the due process rights of defendants charged with these crimes on the other? The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 makes it clear that video evidence should not be admitted as evidence-in-chief if to do so would cause prejudice to the accused disproportionate to the legitimate aim of protecting the witness. This is provided by section 27(3) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999, which states that, â€Å"In considering†¦ whether any part of a recording should not be admitted under this section, the court must consider whether any prejudice to the accused which might result fr om that part being so admitted is outweighed by the desirability of showing the whole, or substantially the whole, of the recorded interview. † What is notable about the wording of this provision is how wide a judicial discretion it confers on the courts to override legitimate prejudice concerns; while it does point to the need for a proportionality assessment of some sort, it seems to suggest that this is just one of the factors that the court should take into account when making its decision whether or not to allow video evidence-in-chief to be admitted. This discretion is restricted marginally by section 27(2) of the 1999 Act which provides that, â€Å"A special measures direction may, however, not provide for a video recording, or a part of such a recording, to be admitted under this section if the court is of the opinion, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, that in the interests of justice the recording, or that part of it, should not be so admitted . † However, the concept of ‘the interests of justice is itself a broad one and therefore, in practice, the discretion of the court to decide whether or not to allow video evidence-in-chief to be admitted remains very broad indeed, notwithstanding this provision. The leading authority on the resolution of the interests of vulnerable witnesses and the Article 6 rights of criminal defendants is the case of R v Camberwell Green Youth Court and others [2003] . In this case the Court confirmed that the special measure provisions of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 were compatible with Article 6(3)(d) of the Human Rights Act 1998 so long as they are employed legitimately to protect vulnerable witnesses (in that case, a child). This case confirms that where the legitimate interests of a vulnerable witness come up against the right of a criminal defendant under Article 6, the former will usually, if not always, prevail. Conclusions to this research. In answer to the question, has the law of criminal evidence managed to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the victims of sexual assault, who are usually the prime witnesses in prosecution proceedings, and protecting the Article 6 rights of defendants charged with these crimes, in particular the right to properly test the evidence which has been admitted against them, this author presents the following assertions: (1) The video-based special measures considered in this paper do not manage to discharge adequately the barriers which are faced by rape and sexual assault victims and are not having the effect of increasing rates or reporting and conviction for these types of offence. For these measures to be effective they would have to circumvent altogether the adversarial cross-examination process and be used more frequently. (2) As it stands, because the process of pre-recorded cross-examination is so similar to live cross-examination, at least in terms of the defe ndants right to properly test the evidence levied against him or her, concerns that these measures over-step the boundaries of Article 6(3)(d) of the Human Rights Act 1998 are overstated. (3) In any event, the right conferred by Article 6(3)(d) of the Human Rights Act 1998 is a qualified right and so it is legitimate to derogate from it in the interests of protecting vulnerable witnesses. (4) The Courts presumption that the interests of a vulnerable victim should override the interests of a defendant to the safeguards enshrined in Article 6(3)(d) of the Human Rights Act 1998 is not, in the opinion of this author, necessarily appropriate. However, in light of the previous conclusions, this point is moot. References/ Bibliography: Office for Criminal Justice Reform, Convicting Rapists and Protecting Victims – Justice for Victims of Rape A Consultation Paper Spring 2006—A consultation (London, HMSO, 2006) [Online] https://www.mensaid.com/documents/cons-290306-justice-rape-victims.pdf accessed 19th February 2012. J Gregory and S Lees, Policing Sexual Assault (London, Routledge Publishing, 1999). R McElvaney, Delays in Reporting Childhood Sexual Abuse and Implications for Legal Proceedings. In D P Farrington, C R Hollin and M McMurran (eds.), Sex and violence: the psychology of crime and risk assessment (London, Routledge, 2001). L L Holmstrom and A W Burgess, The victim of rape: institutional reactions (2nd edition, London Transaction Publishers, 1978). C Gibson and D M Vandiver, Juvenile sex offenders: what the public needs to know (London, ABC-CLIO, 2008). Genevieve Muinzer, New to the UK: a guide to your life and rights (London, Routledge, 1987). The Human Rights Act 1998. N Morris, Reforms give rape victims right to give video evidence (London, The Independent, 2007) [Online] https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/reforms-give-rape-victims-right-to-give-video-evidence-760831.html accessed 17th February 2012. The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. A Keane, The Modern Law of Evidence (7th edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008). M Burton, R Evans and A Sanders, Are special measures for vulnerable and intimidated witnesses working? Evidence from the criminal justice agencies (London, Home Office Online Report, 2006) [Online] https://library.npia.police.uk/docs/hordsolr/rdsolr0106.pdf accessed 19th Feb 2012. Regina v. Camberwell Green Youth Court and others [2003] EWHC 227. N Cross, Criminal Law Criminal Justice: An Introduction (London, Sage Publishing, 2009). CPS, CPS Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Rape (London, HMSO, 2009) [Online] https://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/prosecution/rape.html#_07 accessed 18th February 2012. M Childs and L Ellison, Feminist Perspectives on Evidence (London, Psychology Press, 2000). M Fabri and F Contini, Justice and technology in Europe: how ICT is changing the judicial business (The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International, 2001). M Burton, R Evans and A Sanders, Are special measures for vulnerable and intimidated witnesses working? Evidence from the criminal justice agencies (London, Home Office Online Report, 2006) [Online] https://library.npia.police.uk/docs/hordsolr/rdsolr0106.pdf accessed 19th Feb 2012. L J Clements and J Read, Disabled people and European human rights: a review of the implications of the 1998 Human Rights Act for disabled children and adults in the UK (London, The Policy Press, 2003). J Young, Human rights are childrens rights: a guide to ensuring children and young peoples rights are respected (London, NCB Publishing, 2008). Cambridge University and Clifford Chance, The Human Rights Act and the criminal justice and regulatory process (London, Hart Publishing, 1999). Dombo Beheer B.V. v the Netherlands (37/1992/382/46) Application 5362/72 X v Austria 42 CD 145 (1972) McMichael v United Kingdom (1995) 20 EHRR 205. R v Xhabri [2005] EWCA Crim 3135. L Wolhuter, N Olley and D Denham, Victimology: victimisation and victims rights (London, Taylor and Francis, 2008). N Taylor and J Joudo, The impact of pre-recorded video and closed circuit television testimony by adult sexual assault complainants on jury decision-making: an experimental study (Australia, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2005). R v Camberwell Green Youth Court and others [2003] EWHC 227. Research Trail: An internet search using the search term ‘protecting victims of rape led this author to the Office for Criminal Justice Reforms 2006 Consultation Paper entitled, ‘Convicting Rapists and Protecting Victims – Justice for Victims of Rape. One of the special measures highlighted for discussion by this report was the use of pre-recorded video statements and video cross-examination and, interested in how these measures interfaced with defendants rights under Article 6(3) of the Human Rights Act 1998, this author selected the evaluation of these special measures as the subject matter for this research project. This source made it clear that historically rates of reporting of sexual offences have been low and that victim fears and perceptions of the prosecution process were in some way responsible. This source also conjectured that it was this lack of timely reporting that made it so hard to secure convictions for these types of offence. Keen to find out more about th e nature of these barriers, this author undertook a library search using the search terms ‘under+reporting+of+sexual+offences led this author to the following sources which provided very useful insights into these barriers: J Gregory and S Lees, Policing Sexual Assault (London, Routledge Publishing, 1999). R McElvaney, Delays in Reporting Childhood Sexual Abuse and Implications for Legal Proceedings. In D P Farrington, C R Hollin and M McMurran (eds.), Sex and violence: the psychology of crime and risk assessment (London, Routledge, 2001). L L Holmstrom and A W Burgess, The victim of rape: institutional reactions (2nd edition, London Transaction Publishers, 1978). C Gibson and D M Vandiver, Juvenile sex offenders: what the public needs to know (London, ABC-CLIO, 2008). M Childs and L Ellison, Feminist Perspectives on Evidence (London, Psychology Press, 2000). The next stage of this research required this author to identify and understand the legal framework which allows vulnerable victims to enjoy these video-based special measures. The Office for Criminal Justice Reforms 2006 Consultation Paper made passing reference to the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 which this author searched for and found on the Westlaw Database. It was straightforward to identify the provision which were relevant to this research, as the provisions of this Act are well labelled. This author referred to A Keane, The Modern Law of Evidence (7th edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008) and N Cross, Criminal Law Criminal Justice: An Introduction (London, Sage Publishing, 2009) to assist with his interpretation of this legal text. To critically evaluate these special measures this author searched for sources which provided some insights (empirical or otherwise) into whether or not they were working, in practice. This search yielded the follow ing sources: N Taylor and J Joudo, The impact of pre-recorded video and closed circuit television testimony by adult sexual assault complainants on jury decision-making: an experimental study (Australia, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2005). M Burton, R Evans and A Sanders, Are special measures for vulnerable and intimidated witnesses working? Evidence from the criminal justice agencies (London, Home Office Online Report, 2006) [Online] https://library.npia.police.uk/docs/hordsolr/rdsolr0106.pdf accessed 19th Feb 2012 M Fabri and F Contini, Justice and technology in Europe: how ICT is changing the judicial business (The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International, 2001). Regina v Camberwell Green Youth Court and others [2003] EWHC 227. Next, this author undertook a search to find sources relevant to Article 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998. The sources consulted here included: The Human Rights Act 1998. Genevieve Muinzer, New to the UK: a guide to your life and rights (London, Routledge, 1987). L J Clements and J Read, Disabled people and European human rights: a review of the implications of the 1998 Human Rights Act for disabled children and adults in the UK (London, The Policy Press, 2003). J Young, Human rights are childrens rights: a guide to ensuring children and young peoples rights are respected (London, NCB Publishing, 2008). Cambridge University and Clifford Chance, The Human Rights Act and the criminal justice and regulatory process (London, Hart Publishing, 1999). Dombo Beheer B.V. v the Netherlands (37/1992/382/46) Application 5362/72 X v Austria 42 CD 145 (1972) McMichael v United Kingdom (1995) 20 EHRR 205. R v Xhabri [2005] EWCA Crim 3135. L Wolhuter, N Olley and D Denham, Victimology: victimisation and victims rights (London, Taylor and Francis, 2008).

Kunst 1600 Valve Pump 67 - Target Market, Competitors, Customer Loyalt Research Paper

Essays on Kunst 1600 Valve Pump 67 - Target Market, Competitors, Customer Loyalty, SWOT Analysis, and Market Testing Research Paper The paper â€Å"Kunst 1600 Valve Pump 67 - Target Market, Competitors, Customer Loyalty, SWOT Analysis, and Market Testing† is a   breathtaking example of a  research paper on marketing. Market research on Kunst 1600 valve pump was carried out by designated research firms. The main areas of interest included the key quantifiable values and price elements tied with the Kunst 1600, additional elements that could not be quantified in monetary terms, assessing the potential market segments for commercialization purposes, and carrying out an analysis on the market segment of choice, customer value statement notwithstanding.Market research findings revealed that the low-end market was the most lucrative with respect to pump 1600. Further, it revealed that the competing models did not last as long as their manufacturers had projected in addition to high hidden costs associated with them. Kunst vacuum pumps also came to the realization that it was not a common brand on its potenti al market.It was recommended that Kunst works on its brand name to facilitate penetration into its potential market. Additionally, a recommendation was made to offer top value to the customer with respect to value and cost. Finally, it was recommended that potential threats be mitigated through strategies like value migration where the firm offers its product at a cheaper price with the aim of winning customersA vacuum pump is a gadget that gets rid of gas molecules from a sealed volume with the aim of leaving a fractional vacuum behind. The Kunst 1600 Dry Piston vacuum pump model, also known as 1600, is a superior pump compared to its competing models. Its superiority is clearly depicted by the properties it holds. These properties are its horsepower, its speed, and weight (it weighs lighter compared to other conventional pumps). Additionally, it has fewer working parts, its running time is longer compared to other conventional pumps and it is associated with a lot of cost-cutting measures. The cost-cutting measures attributed to the use of this machine by business owners can be translated to imply profitability for the business, which basically is the core objective of virtually every business (Hill, 2002). Incidentally, the 1600 pump has a prolonged useful life in contrast to other vacuum pumps. Its useful life is estimated to be twice that of other conventional pumps.AnalysisThe underlying problem is that it is a new product in the market that requires aggressive and comprehensive marketing. Kunst Vacuum Pumps, a manufacturer of vacuum pumps, is making attempts to identify and penetrate 1600 in new market segments. The fact that the company has a sound reputation coupled with the impeccable qualities possessed by the 1600 vacuum pump would make it seem easy to penetrate the market segment. Unfortunately, this is not the case; marketing of 1600 by the firm’s product division is proving to be an uphill task (Haar, 2001). Difficulties that Kunst Vacuum Pumps Company is experiencing from the marketing of this product are as a result of a number of factors:The target marketKunst Vacuum Pumps, though established, is not well versed with the high-end market. Market research on potential revenue of Vacuum pumps in the United States indicates that 60,000 units of refrigerator repairs are attributed to homes, 40,000 units of refrigerator repairs belong to light commercial, and the number of air conditioners repaired is at an overwhelming 125000 units. This then can be concluded that the market likely to deliver high returns on 1600 is the low-end market. The challenge here is that the target market is not familiar with the brand name Kunst (Osmonbekov et al, 2009).

Essentials Of Health Policy And Law - 2548 Words

Essentials of Health Policy and Law - Health Policy Analysis Casey Ellington, Jancy John, Edwin Martinez, Manju Thankachan Union University Essentials of Health Policy and Law - Health Policy Analysis Problem Statement What action should President Obama take to attenuate the problem of drug abuse among expecting mothers during pregnancy? Background In the United States, there has been a growing concern for the number of newborn children that have been exposed to drugs while in utero. The defenseless fetus is subject to any and all substances that the mother ingests, injects, or inhales into her body. Significantly decreased gestational ages as well as low birth weight have been linked to infants that have been born to mothers who are engaging in substance abuse. Marijuana, cocaine, cigarettes, methamphetamine, heroin, and alcohol are some of the more widely abused substances among pregnant mothers (Bailey, McCook, Hodge, McGrady, 2012). Children born to drug dependent mothers are susceptible to preterm delivery, decreased intrauterine growth, impaired neurological developments, as well as congenital abnormalities. Unfortunately, once the umbilical cord is cut, the withdrawal for the infants is initiated. The symptoms of withdrawal will be evident in 55% to 94% of infants within 2 to 7 days after delivery (Eichel Johannemann, 2014). Some states have begun the argument that makes mothers that are positive for illegal, illicit, or prescription drugsShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of The 10 Essential Public Health Services1696 Words   |  7 Pagesevaluation of the 10 essential Public Health Services and how they can be helpful in the prevention of HIV in communities across the nation. In addition, the paper depicts how the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) has been able to incorporate the 10 essential public health services in its fight against HIV disease. 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Essay writing on English Language

Question: Write an essay on the language "English"? Answer: Introduction: Writing is a skill that needs to be incorporate with efficiency. Writing is the standard through which the human can communicate. It cannot be considered to be a language but it is like a form of technology. The outcome of writing is known as the text and the recipient of this text is called the readers (Campbell-Howes and Dignall). It has been evident from the fact that for commencing writing of any text, the writers explore new ideas and information about the topic of interest. The writing is said to be inefficient if cognitive discoveries arises during the act of writing. If someone is unsure about the background of the writing then the writing is of low productivity and low discoveries of writing strategy. Essay Writing Experience The teacher who teaches about the learning process of writing has described different types of writings. The four types of writings that are learnt are expository, descriptive, persuasive and narrative writing. The expository writings explain the topic in which the text is about. In this type of writing, the author focuses on the explanation of the subject without expressing any opinion about the subject. The author here may use facts and figures to explain any topic but do not provide any reflection. The next is the descriptive writing style in which the author describes n event, situations or places or people (Connelly and Forsyth). The persuasive writing is like persuading the reader to agree or comply by the writings of the author. This type of writing allows the author to vent out his opinions about a situation, event or characters which has the ability to persuade and convince the reader. The best use of this type of writing style is in letters of complaints, advertisements, co mmercials, newspaper reviews and other editorial reviews. The last is the narrative style of writing which is done by conveying the story to readers. Here the author will construct a framework of a story and put in characters and incidents that will build interest in the minds of the readers and they would want to read more. My experience on writing was difficult as well as interesting. The writing was on the topic of The evolution of internet that changed the world. It was difficult for me write on this topic as it had numerous information about the role of the internet in the lives of the people. With every piece of information and idea that dawned on me, I would jot them down on the paper and tried to assemble my thoughts and opinion about the topic but all of the information seemed less for me. As I explored some of the incidents that had some relation with the internet and the benefit that I myself received from this evolution, I would keep adding the incidents to my essay. It was then I realized that the writing is of descriptive nature where I was describing about a situation in the world where the people are embracing the boon of the technology which in particular was the role of internet. I described the evolution of the internet and then straight away explained the benefits of the internet with reference to my real life experience. In this essay I also used some facts and figures which made the essay informative rather than just descriptive. The essay did not follow the expository writing style as I conveyed my opinion about the topic. The essay can be regarded to be of positive experience. The essay was written on my personal computer and I have used internet to derive all possible information about the topic. The irony was that I was using the internet to write an essay on the role of internet that changed the lives of the people. So I was basically promoting the topic of the essay (Kellogg and Raulerson). Thus, how difficult it may seem to convey my thoughts in the essay it was not treacherous for me to construct the main findings about the topic. The topic of the essay and my writing itself promoted the positive side of the topic. The emergence of internet always created a positive utility for the people who used them to get information about the entire universe with a just a click away. Thus, I felt that the content of my essay was right and justified. I always believe that there are two sides of a coin so not everything can be positive and beneficial so I incorporated certain negative side to the use of internet that impacted the lives of the people. Another instance that I have experienced was resistance in writing. Resistance is often caused when the topic of the writing is not interesting to me and tends to procrastinate (Murugiah). This created a situation of unwillingness to write. The topic was on a historical issue and since I do not have any fascination about history, I did not find it inspiring to write about it. The method through which I overcame the situation was by encouraging myself to start searching for the relevant information about the historical incident through which I found many interesting fact about the historical events. This gave me the urge to start writing on the topic (Pennington, Delano and Scott). Conclusion: Thus the overall experience of writing was informative and eventful. The writing of descriptive essay helped me to explore so many arenas of research that were locked for me. The teacher also had taught a lot of writing skills with which I was able to improve my writing skill. With every essay and text writing I faced challenges and faults in writing at every level which the teacher repeatedly rectified me and assisted me with the guidance to improve my writing skills (Beck). From the past experiences I learnt in order to commence a good writing text, the vocabulary and grammar is very important in this respect. A good writing does not have any faults, have clear, distinct and accurate information about the topic and convey the opinions correctly. The writing skills can help any author to be expressive not only while writing their views but also while speaking to others (Roy and Haney). References: Beck, Heather.Teaching Creative Writing. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillian, 2012. Print. Campbell-Howes, Kirsten, and Clare Dignall.Writing. London: Collins, 2012. Print. Connelly, Jacqueline, and Patrick B Forsyth.Essay Writing Skills. London: Kogan Page Limited, 2012. Print. Kellogg, Ronald T., and Bascom A. Raulerson. 'Improving The Writing Skills Of College Students'.Psychonomic Bulletin Review14.2 (2007): 237-242. Web. McClure, Randall. 'Resistance Is Not Futile: Guiding Writing Programs Through Turbulent Times'.WAP4.1 (2012): n. pag. Web. Murugiah, Mohana Ram. 'Improving The 5Th Formers Continuous Writing Skills Through The Creative Writing Module'.Advances in Language and Literary Studies4.2 (2013): 7-12. Web. Pennington, Robert, Monica Delano, and Renee Scott. 'Improving Cover-Letter Writing Skills Of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities'.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis47.1 (2014): 204-208. Web. Roy, Jennifer Rozines, and Johannah Haney.Sharpen Your Essay Writing Skills. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2012. Print.

The Traditional Malay House Construction Essay Example For Students

The Traditional Malay House Construction Essay This survey is to analyse the modern traditional common Malay house. How is the origin Malay house being transform into modern common houses and what is the consequence of modern-day stuffs. The kampong Baru is located in the capital metropolis of Malaysia, Kuala lumpur. This is a reserved country for the Malay cultural groups. From the instance survey will establish out the climatic consequence of utilizing modern-day stuffs in the traditional Malay house by the undermentioned inquiries: We will write a custom essay on The Traditional Malay House Construction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 1: How is the clime of Malaysia? 2: How did the climatic factors of Malaysia influence the design of the traditional common Malay house? 3: How did the traditional common Malay house being modernisation? 4: What are the climatic effects on the modern common Malay house? Introduction In this paper, is to analyze and analyse the influences of Malaysia climatic factors on the design of the traditional common Malay houses. Basically it is portion of the research on the climatic effects on the modern-day building stuffs in the traditional common Malay houses in Malaysia. The survey is more focussed on the adaptation of the local clime on the traditional common Malay houses and how the edifice was transformed into modern common Malay houses through the modernisation procedure besides the effects of utilizing modern building stuffs in the modern common Malay houses. During the early twentieth century, modernisation and colonisation periods the British had brought multiracial immigrants into Malaya. Then, Malaysia defines as a multiracial state that included Malays, Chinese, Indian and others. During the colonisation period, multiracial group is remaining individually. The bulk remaining in countryside largely is Malays group and the Chinese and Indian were remaining in the metropolis. The Malay racial group depends to a great extent on the environment. Villages can be established even a individual traditional Malay house and the extra houses came subsequently. Normally, the edifices that built closely together were normally household members. The most important features of traditional common Malay house are the adaptation natural climatic factors in Malaysia. The traditional common Malay house defines as a richest constituent of Malaysia cultural heritage. The edifices built with local stuffs and local techniques. Largely, the resident will participated in the procedure of design and concept, it is to attest the aesthetic accomplishments of the Malays. The site planning of the edifice based mostly on Islamic beliefs and its environment. The layout was split into two parts, forepart and back paces. Obviously, front portion will be the welcoming guest country and it is decorated with different types of cosmetic workss and flowers. Back pace is the country linked to kitchen and washroom and it is placed near H2O, as the kitchen needs intense H2O use. The matrimonial position besides reflected the architectural manner of the edifice because of the Islamic beliefs. The house signifier had developed and modified over a long period to fulfill most of the cultural, residents demands and fortunes alterations. The traditional Malay houses are bamboo or lumber houses raised on piles ( lumber ) . The edifice largely is a station and header construction with lumber or bamboo walls and a thatched gabled form roof. There are ever big gaps on the sides of the edifice to supplying good airing. From a distance the traditional Malay house seems to incorporate of course with the environment. The big gabled form roofs, dominates the low walls and with different orientations and sizes created an interesting ocular signifier. Overall the Malay house is designed to provide the local climatic factors by assorted airing and local stuffs that are low thermic capacity stuffs. Besides the well adaptation to the environment, the design of the traditional Malay houses are flexible is to provide the demands of user and it evolved a edifice system called prefabricated. Th e edifice has developed a sophisticated add-on system that allows the edifice can be easy extended with the demands of the residents. There were assorted traditional Malay house signifiers can be found in Peninsular Malaysia. Normally, they classified based on the forms of roof. The basic signifiers of Malay house are called the bumbung panjang, bumbung Lima, bumbung Lima and bumbung perak. The most common design of the Malay house signifier was bumbung panjang that with a simple long gable roof, supported by the chief stations. The bumbung panjang is the simplest one of the four roof forms and it is an oldest identified in Malaysia. The bumbung panjang signifier became most popularity used on the Malay house among the poorer users and those built the edifices by themselves. Due to the bumbung panjang house signifier, it is simpleness and go a really efficient roof form for the edifice. Largely the stuff used for the bumbung panjang is attap. Attap is a thatch covered and tied together with nipah and others palm trees that can easy found in the local country. The simple funnel form of bumbung panjang roof is a real ly efficient in airing belongingss. The roof can chill the house efficaciously is because of utilizing the airing wickets at the terminals of the gable called tebarlayar and the airing articulations to supply better airing. Besides the bumbung panjang, the bumbung Lima, bumbung Lima, and bumbung perak are all non origin tradition roof forms, it has modified and developed through foreign influence. Furthermore, the bumbung lima Malay house ever with a hipped roof, the bumbung perak Malay house signifier ever with a gambrel roof and the bumbung Lima house ever with a pyramidic roof. Hence, they are two type of houses believed that were influenced by Dutch and British architecture during the colonisation. Last the bumbung perak house signifier besides known as the bumbung potongan Belanda which is a type of Dutch roof and it is a celebrated roof in East Coast. Originally, infinites in traditional Malay houses can be separated into front portion and back part. Therefore, the nucleus house ( rumah ibu ) or chief country must be at the forepart and the kitchen ( Dapur A ; Rumah Tengah ) country will be on the back parts of the house. The selang is a closed paseo covered by foliages and used to be a linking device for the forepart and back parts. The selang is supplying good airing and natural sunshine come ining the house. Besides the location of the side entryway to the kitchen, it is besides a infinite for womenfolk to socialise and chew the fat. Most of the traditional Malay houses entrance there will be a covered porch called the anjung that acts as a passage topographic point between the private and public infinites. The anjung will merely used to entertain the unfamiliar visitants and it is a favourite infinite for the users to chew the fat and rest. This floor was about 0.5 to 1 metre lower than the rumah ibu floor degree. Beside the anjung was a hanging gallery ( serambi gantung ) where most of the invitees will be entertained here and it is a one measure down from the chief house around 15 centimetres. The gaps in the serambi gantung provide good positions to outside and leting natural airing come ining the topographic point where normally occurred day-to-day activities. At the serambi gantung country can easy detect the embroideries like carving and grill of gaps, bannisters and wall panels. Following to serambi gantung was the rumah ibu, which is the nucleus country and it is the largest country and can specify as multi purpose country for most activities were conducted here. The rumah ibu floor degree was the highest and cleanliness country white the kitchen ( dapur ) was the lowest degree and untidy country of the house. .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .postImageUrl , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:hover , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:visited , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:active { border:0!important; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:active , .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364 .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e3265ed71be8f3429b2f97c5dff6364:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: PTSD Symptoms and Treatments EssayThe chief features of traditional Malay slang houses are it is good designed to provide the Malaysia clime. From the Malay houses we can detect it is designed with a really good apprehension for nature. In the traditional Malay societies, the villagers were straight obtain most of the resources from the natural environment for theirs edifice stuffs, nutrient and medical specialties. To understand better on the influences of local climatic factors on the Malay houses, must foremost understand the local clime, thermic demands comfort and the conditions of the environment that the edifice will construct. Malaysia is located in cardinal South- East Asia and has a tropical conditions. Due to the latitude and longitude, it gives Malaysia a warm humid equatorial that influenced by monsoonal clime. The monsoon clime here comes twice a twelvemonth, the first monsoon season comes during the summer season and the other comes during winter season. The differences between the two monsoon season are summer season conveying tonss of rainfalls and winter monsoon does non convey rain and is by and large dry. The one-year rainfall was averaging 80 inches to 100 inches. Furthermore, the clime here gives hot summer and high humidness throughout the twelvemonth. The temperature here holds around 24 Celsius to 34 Celsius, which gives warm yearss and fairy cool darks. The one-year humidness degree was averaging approximately 75 % or above. The high humidness clime causes the really high H2O vapor in the air. It can filtrate the solar radiation but it besides speeded up the decomposition, and the growing of algae. The local air current merel y comes in from nor-east and southwest these two waies. Normally air currents are in low variable velocity, high variable velocity air current will merely happen when rain. Hence, the local climatic factors here were high temperatures, humidness and solar radiation. Based on the local climatic factors the edifice built here should able to accomplish the thermic comfort. Therefore, rain, inundations and strong air currents must be control to accomplish thermic comfort in Malaysia Malay houses. For thermic comfort, heat will bring forth from the human activities and metabolic procedure. The metabolic procedure will equilibrate and keep the organic structure temperature ( 37celcius ) . The heat will let go of during the metamorphosis procedure of transition of good into energy. The heat loss through convection, conductivity and radiation can be negligible is due to the local temperature are about same as the organic structure temperature. Similarly, the sweat is reduced and the organic structure temperature is diminishing because of the high humidness. The concentrated air envelope blocks the vaporization from the human organic structure and it is easy for m particularly in humid clime. In the edifice airing is of import because air fluxing can take the concentrated air envelope in order to speed up vaporization. Similarity, a edifice without any airing, it will increase the temperature and humidness to an uncomfortable conditions. The chief beginnings of organic structure heat deriving are the local climatic factors conductivity from the edifice cloth. Direct solar radiation is the chief beginnings of organic structure heat gaining, therefore the proper design of commanding the direct solar radiation come ining the edifice is the most of import to accomplish thermic comfort. Besides that, the type of stuffs used is one of the major beginnings because the high thermic capacity stuffs will absorbed heat and emitted to the insides edifices. Therefore, heat addition from solar radiation must be minimized and maximized the airing in order to accomplish the human thermic comfort in the house. Obviously, the traditional Malay slang house is good local climatic control edifice and it besides influences by the local climatic factors. A local design of Malay house must hold the undermentioned factors must raised up on piles ( lumber ) , big opening on side, usage low thermic capacity edifice stuffs ( wood, lumber, Calamus rotang, bamboo ) , commanding the direct Sun radiation, a long thatched steep gable roof by attap, site planning and site layout. From the design of traditional Malay slang house, it is a really appropriate design to provide the tropical clime of Malaysia and it is more suited to the Malaysia clime compared to the modern brick house. The raised up floor in traditional Malay house is maximising the airing in the house every bit good as forestalling the monsoonal rain inundations. The raised floor is barely seen in most modern house and the quality of openness in the edifice is shown by the nothingnesss in its window, airing grills, the clears raised up unders ide and the unfastened insides. There are assorted characteristics supplying effectual airing in Malay house. The intent of elevated the floor on piles is to catch high speed of air currents and the insides with minimal dividers is to maximise the cross airing occur in the edifice. Normally, full-length gap and to the full adjustable Windowss or louvres will environ the traditional Malay house. The carven panels on the top of the Windowss and wooden wickets besides an of import airing device. Behind the airing, the hungering on wooden panels controlled the blaze come ining the house and it besides stand foring the Islamic books. There are two effectual airing devices on a simple gable roof. They are the sail-like gable-end ( tebar layar ) of the roof and the airing articulations called patah both are really effectual airing to direct air to air out the roof infinite. The houses in small town are indiscriminately arranged and seting the tree sagely around the house to let natural flo w through the edifice and integrated harmoniously with nature. The Malay house largely built far apart for future extension to carry through the demands of resident. In the traditional Malay house, there are more nothingnesss than mass and it is a lightweight building utilizing natural stuffs to provide the local clime. The natural stuffs define as low thermic capacity stuffs and it is a really good in insulating. The long thatched roof with big overhands in traditional Malay house has reduced the solar radiation and it besides designed to cut down direct sunshine. The low walls and big overhangs in Malay house, it make the shading easier and reduced the solar radiation besides the blaze from he unfastened skies. Besides supplying good shading, the big overhangs besides gives protection against driving rain. The walls and overhangs have allowed the Windowss to be unfastened in different state of affairs conditions. In add-on, the external environment of Malay house largely covered a nd shaded with trees or flora. This provides a ice chest environment and lessened the reflective of blaze for the house to put in. Traditionally, most of the Malay houses are oriented to confront East-West for spiritual grounds and reduces direct exposure to heat from direct solar radiation. .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .postImageUrl , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:hover , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:visited , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:active { border:0!important; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:active , .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3 .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4dc27f259657a84f03d3e02ded6c8db3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Depression EssayNowadays, most of the traditional common Malay houses are being transforming into modern Malay house throughout the modernisation period. The Malay houses were modernized due to the emphasis from urban renovation and sociality alterations. The new Malay houses has different spatial layout besides the used of building stuffs and technique. Based on the instance surveies, the Malay houses in the kampong bharu were transformed the roof, wall, pillar and window. The external environment has besides alterations is barely to see high and tall trees merely short trees are planted at that place due to the limited infinite of the compound. The short and little trees besides blocked most of the natural air flow base on ballss through the house. Besides the alterations of external environment, the inside of Malay houses was transformed into more walls to split the suites and infinites. The cross airing and natural air motion were reduced due to the mass partitioning walls inside the house. As I mentioned above, the roof is the most important characteristic because the Malay house were categorized based on their roof types. The Malay house in the campong largely used bumbung panjang compared than the other 3 types of roof. This is because the type of roof is easier to build and cheaper. From the site I have found some houses really utilizing different roof for theirs chief and secondary roofs. The most celebrated combination types of roof in campong are bumbung perak with bumbung panjang and bumbung panjang with bumbung panjang. The long gable steep roof has become gentler for the sloping grades and sing the tebar layar on the gable terminals of the roof were modified the design or closed with wall panels. Traditionally, attap or wooden herpes zosters were the chief stuffs of the roof but by and large now modern building stuffs were frequently used than the traditional stuffs. Besides the transmutation of roof, the walls and the gaps besides modified due to present of n ew architecture during the colonisation period. The traditional wall is made by bamboo and the traditional agreements of drywall were wholly modified. The shuttered Windowss on the wall are one of the important characteristics to demo the feature of Malay house. The faade of the Malay house can be separated into 3 parts, the carved wooden panels supplying better airing largely at the top portion above the window, while the window or adjustable louvres ever built at the center and underside parts. There are some Malay house walls still utilizing the timber board but in the modern building brick walls are replaced the traditional bamboo or timber board wall is due to the care and long lasting jobs. There are 3 chief types of Windowss such as the short window ( tingkap ) , the tall window ( jendela ) and the punched window. The aesthetic wooden bannisters behind the Windowss are being used for safety intents. In beginning of window form, the jendela and tiangkap window have a cardinal characteristic to sort the Windowss form called Jenang pintu. Although, the Windowss in Malay house has the traditional elements but the proportion of the window has modified to slimmer and became closer of the spread between the Windowss. The western punched glass window was adopted modern glass louvres to maximising the airing while keeping the safety of the house. The traditional piles are no longer in usage since pillars are a really of import structural to back up burden from the house. In general, the brick and reinforced concrete pillar were frequently used, with the increasing of concrete pillar highs infinites of underneath became more efficient. In the modern common Malay house merely used concrete pillars and the underneath is normally walled to carry through the demands of user. The transmutation of wooden pillars to concrete pillars is due to the concrete pillars is more suited for back uping the tonss. After brought in the modern building stuffs like Zn, cement, brick, glazing and aluminium louvres window into traditional Malay house has modified the traditional house signifiers and side effects of the high thermic capacity stuffs. The high thermic capacity stuffs are non suited in local clime illustration like the Zn and asbestos roofs in Malay houses are generated more noise during the rains autumn and gives a really hot insides during the twenty-four hours. Besides the climatic effects the used of modern stuffs besides causes the diminishing of traditional aesthetic accomplishments and techniques of making the complicated thatched attap roof. Other than used of Zn and asbestos stuffs, the bricks, cement and concrete are better stuffs use for making walls particularly the wet country parts and stronger constructions for the house. Some of the Malay house has a closed underneath to make the house to double-storey house. Such alteration has transformed the visible radiation and air ed Malay house into solid looking edifice. The full-length wooden window has been replace by the adjustable glass louvres window with aluminium frames. The louvres window has modified the traditional Windowss into smaller and closed the bottom portion of the window. It causes the less efficiency of airing. The Fe saloon in louvre window is for safety intent but it wholly destroyed the quality of openness in traditional Malay house. Throughout the surveies, the traditional common Malay house was design to provide the local clime and it is one of the richest constituents of Malaysia cultural heritage. Besides the adaptation of local climatic factors the houses besides reflected the Islamic belief. The houses were developed and modified until it satisfies the user. Based on the research they are assorted house signifier in Malaysia, they merely can be classified based on the roof types. Overall the traditional Malay house was adapted to the local clime and it is design such as random spacial layout, raised up floor, full-length Windowss and high-insulated roof. The shadowing braid and flora around the house besides helps to chill down the temperature in the house. The orientation of house confronting to east and west was influences by the faiths ground and it helps reduced the direct Sun visible radiation radiation. In the modern common Malay house was transformed and modified to carry through the demands of resident but it still maintained the traditional roof forms. The used of modern stuffs was straight changed the house signifier and brought climatic effects into the house. Second, introduce of modern stuffs the lightweight building Malay house has transformed into more solid looking edifice and it besides causes the diminishing of traditional accomplishments. Overall, the sustainably in modern common Malay house was transformed and besides the traditional house signifiers were changed.

Writing a Criminal Law Essay Complete Guide

Writing a Criminal Law Essay Complete Guide A Criminal Law essay is a kind of academic paper that is based on thorough analysis of legislation regarding the criminal world. This branch of studies is extremely difficult and specific because of laws significant role for the state and its citizens. Criminal Law essay is aimed at analyzing particular cases in which a legislative controversy appear. Specifically, criminal law is an operational branch of the state law that helps to maintain safety and confidence in the society. In modern conditions, the substantial amount of crimes and violence threatens a balance and comfortable living conditions of people, and exactly the criminal law is directed at regulation of this sphere. In addition, criminal law is a set of rules of behavior for citizens of the state that establishes limits of allowed actions. The variety of punishments shows people negative results of their unlawful behavior and is a prerequisite to the maintenance of discipline and safety. As a result, it is essential to c onsider the sphere of criminal law as a fundamental basis for the state development and provision of security and comfortability for citizens of the country. The field of criminal law is essential for academic research because it allows comparing various legislative approaches to the consideration of a particular case. It is a common practice that courts of different countries or states of a federal country consider particular cases in different ways. Criminal Law essays are used to compare such cases and choose an appropriate judgment for every person. In fact, the process of the Criminal Law essay writing includes consideration of particular judgment propriety, comparison of different approaches to consideration of crimes, analysis of precedents, a study of the presumption of innocence, and also analysis of criminal legislation. The process of the Criminal Law Essay writing can become a challenge for a student because of the necessity for background knowledge of various systems of legislation in different states that can influence consideration of the particular case. Writing Tips: How to Come Up With Cool Criminal Law Essay Topic Ideas The choice of subject is the first step of the Criminal Law essay writing because it determines the further area of the research. The topic or the case for this essay type is provided by the professor or the instructor in most cases. In such a situation, a student is obliged to fulfill the given task in accordance with the instructions and requirements provided. Of course, you can consult the professor or the instructor regarding all the questions you have to write an essay that will be highly evaluated. However, in case the professor allows you to choose the topic or case by yourself, you have an opportunity to study the subject of your interest. Hence, the main criminal law essay writing tips for choosing the issue refer to its topicality and the area of students interests. First of all, you should analyze the whole course and highlight the most interesting spheres of criminal law and criminal cases analyzed during the studying process. This will help you to limit the field of inte rest and choose the topic that would help you to enrich or practice skills regarding particular aspects. Secondly, you should think about the topicality of the issue and its importance on the social level. The topic should analyze some current events, the consideration of cases approaches, or study some implementation to current national legislation. The third aspect of the Criminal Law essay topic refers to the necessities of the reader. You should choose the issue that will attract the attention of the reader and in such a way, provide a positive mark for the completed task. However, if it is difficult for you to choose the topic of the Criminal Law essay, you can choose one from the following list: Violations of Human Rights; Origin of the Capital Punishment; Distributive Justice and Criminal Justice; How Is Jury Selection Made? Witness Protection Program; Has the Identity Theft Reached Its Peak? What is the Motivation Behind Crimes? Parental Abduction Laws. However, the most interesting kinds of the Criminal Law essay are the case studies. As a result, you can choose a particular situation and explore it from a legislative point of view. The most important advice regarding this aspect is a topicality of the case and its general negative or positive influence on the society and legal system of the state. Choice of Basic Information for the Criminal Law Essay Before you start writing the Criminal Law essay, seek information to base the whole research on. This will help you to highlight the most significant aspects of the topic and emphasize them in the essay. To do it, you should explore the problem either in the library or using the Internet sources. The main emphasis while choosing sources for a Criminal Law essay should be made on the requirements that sources should be relevant, current, and taken from credible websites. Types of sources for the Criminal Law essay can be different and include academic articles, textbooks, reports, interviews, and speeches. However, you should remember that analysis of a topic connected to criminal law should be based on such legislation as the Constitution, bills, laws, and international treaties. In addition to the listed sources, you can use statutes and ordinances, administrative rules with criminal penalties, appellate court decisions, and various case laws. The importance of appropriate choice should be once more highlighted because it is a prerequisite for a successful essay. It helps you to find answers to your questions, develop a structure of the essay, improve weak aspects of the text, and also generally enrich knowledge regarding the field of the Criminal Law. Tips and Tricks from Our Writers: the Prewriting Phase After you have chosen the information for your essay, you have to complete some pre-writing activities. Specifically, it will help you to analyze the topic thoroughly, create the outline of the essay, develop ideas, and compose all findings. The first step refers to an accurate analysis of the information gained from sources. You should create a plan for the essay that will help to define the most critical aspects of the studied issue. Secondly, you should brainstorm random ideas regarding the topic and write it on the shit of paper. As follows, this list can include valuable opinions that can become even a central thesis of the whole essay. Such creative thinking may help to establish interconnections with other spheres of knowledge and show the influence of a particular criminal law case on these aspects. One more effective technique of pre-writing activities is freewriting. Using such a method, you can write the lions share of the essay or merely create the structure of the future report. What is more, with the help of the freewriting technique you can create even a draft of the paper that, after editing, can be successfully passed. One more aspect of pre-writing techniques relates to the development of the essay plan or outline. Such a method is useful because it shows strong and weak points of the essay and helps you to figure out what information should be added to the text. It can even assist in developing a map of the future essay. A plan of the Criminal Law essay will help the student to stay focused and keep attention only on the central ideas of the study. Sticking to a created plan, you will not distract your focus on less essential aspects and use all resources to analyze the case successfully. What is more, writing a plan can help you develop various ideas in the outline that can be expanded and added to the Criminal Law essay. Finally, doing all offered pre-writing activities, you will create a set of various ideas and successfully write the essay. The Main Components of the Criminal Law Essay Structure The reality is that the student should follow the requirements of the professor regarding the structure and formatting of the Criminal Law essay. However, the traditional structure of an essay includes the following components: the title page; the abstract (if required); the introduction; three or more body paragraphs; the analysis of sources used for the essay; the conclusions; the reference page. Every part of the Criminal Law essay should include specific information that corresponds to the format of the essay and the requirements of the instructor. Simple Tips to Write Stronger Introductions In this part of the paper, you should provide a general overview of the studied issue including also necessary background information. Specifically, you should describe the situation, legislative case, depict the main idea of the study, state the central question and a thesis. The thesis statement is one of the most significant parts of the essay because it provides the reader with the central idea of the essay, and there are several tips for its successful writing. First of all, the thesis statement should be clear and understandable for the reader. It should attract the attention of the reader and help him/her to understand the general aim of the whole paper. The thesis statement should depict the central issue, state a specific assumption, represent an opinion to prove or refute. The thesis statement should answer the reader’s question if it is an interesting and useful academic work. Writing the Body Paragraphs for Your Essay This part of the paper represents all ideas and findings regarding the analyzed case. Criminal Law essay may include three or more well-developed paragraphs that describe separate arguments connected with particular aspects of the issue. You should remember that all ideas of other authors should be marked through in-text citations. What is more, the referencing should be organized in accordance with the required formatting style. Generally speaking, the main body of the essay should represent all your ideas and explain your position regarding the explored issue. It is necessary to write this part logically and gradually providing extended explanations of all ideas and statements. End It Up Properly This part of the essay should include restated thesis statement and main findings of the criminal law case analysis. The conclusion should be one paragraph long and include precise information about the results of the study. This part should be strictly connected to the whole paper and appropriately related to opinions represented in the essay. The conclusion paragraph should sum up all your work and possibly provide the question for further research. Post-Writing Recommendations When It’s Almost Over In fact, the written text of the essay cannot be considered as a final version to pass because it should be accurately edited. First of all, you have to proofread the paper accurately to check grammar, misspellings, too complicated sentences, and inappropriate words. All mistakes should be precisely corrected to make your paper properly academic. Secondly, you have to check the structure of the essay and its correspondence with the plan written as the pre-writing activity. Specifically, every paragraph should be dedicated to one separate idea explaining it with strong arguments and vivid examples. Moreover, you should pay extra attention to citations and stated facts because it is the most solid argumentation for the Criminal Law essay. One more significant aspect of the Criminal Law essay writing refers to plagiarism and the importance of avoiding it. Various online plagiarism checkers can help you with the issue. Moreover, you should remember to cite all quotations and paraphrased ideas of other authors to avoid plagiarism in the paper. Finally, read the paper once more to get the general opinion of the work and check if all ideas are reliable and well-argued. You should remember that in the process of the essay writing you can consult the professor regarding the aspects you do not know or do not understand. It is always better to ask a professional and get useful advice. The process of the Criminal Law essay writing will become simpler and more interesting with all described tips. What is more important, you will get a positive mark for such an essay. References Criminal Law Essays. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/criminal-law/. Free Criminal Law Essay Essay topics | Researchomatic. (2018). Retrieved from researchomatic.com/law-school-criminal-law-essay/. How To Write a 1st Class Law Essay. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.lawteacher.net/law-help/essay/a-guide-to-first-class-law-essay-writing.php. Oxford University Press: Online Resource Centre. (2018). Retrieved from http://global.oup.com/uk/orc/law/criminal/huxleybinns_concentrate4e/resources/outlines/. Tips from your Tutor: How to Write the Perfect Law Essay Introduction | Survive Law. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.survivelaw.com/single-post/1439-tips-from-your-tutor-how-to-write-the-perfect-law-essay-introduction.